There are several risk factors for the development of cervical cancer, both genetic and environmental. These include:
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
- Family History of Cervical Cancer
- Age
- Sexual and Reproductive History
- Socioeconomic Status
- Smoking
- HIV Infection
- In Utero DES Exposure
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection:
HPV infection is associated with virtually all cases of cervical cancer. HPV is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases and most women clear the infection within two years without complications. Long term infection with high-risk strains of HPV can lead to the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer.(1)
Because of the very high correlation between HPV infection and cervical cancer, the following paragraphs describe HPV in more detail.
The Human papillomaviruses are a family of sexually transmitted viruses consisting of over 100 different viral strains, 40 of which are known to infect the human genital tract and 15 of which have been associated with cervical cancer. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some strains of HPV lead to the development of genital warts.